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Torenia crustacea

(L.) Cham. & Schltdl. (1827)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Linderniaceae Genus: Torenia

false pimpernel, lindernia

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Perennial herbs.

Stems: Stems decumbent and usually rooting at the lower nodes, 1–2 dm long, many-branched, sometimes cespitose, puberulent to glabrate.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite. Blades ovate to ovate–cordate, 0.5–1.5 cm long, 0.4–1.2 cm wide. Upper surfaces glabrous; lower surfaces minutely puberulent. Margins often dull purple, coarsely crenate–serrulate. Petioles 1–6 mm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers solitary in the leaf axils, pedicels 5–25 mm long. Flowers bisexual (perfect), pedicels present; bracteoles absent. . Calyx 5-angled, cleft to about the middle, 2–4 mm long at anthesis, elongating up to 6 mm long in fruit. Corolla pale blue or purplish, sometimes pale yellow toward base, 5–8 mm long, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3– lobed, middle one slightly larger than lateral ones, the tube 4–7 mm long. corolla bilabiate, upper lip overlapping lower lip in bud, erect, lower lip wider than upper lip, 3-lobed, the lobes unequal. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, the upper 2 joined under upper lip of corolla, appendage at base; anthers coherent in pairs. Ovary superior, carpels 1, 2-carpellate, 2-locular, placentation axile; ovules orthotropous, unitegmic, tenuinucellate; style 1; stigma 1, 2-lobed.

Fruit: Capsules oblong–ovoid; 3.5–5 mm long. Seeds pale brown; elliptic; 0.5 mm long; tuberculate.

Ploidy: 2n = 32; 42

Habitat: Naturalized in moist to wet; disturbed areas; especially along roadsides.

Elevation Range: 150–1,220 m.

Historical Distribution

Synonyms (44)

Antirrhinum hexandrum Forssk. (1775)
Buchnera capillaris Desv. (1825)
Capraria crustacea L. (1767)
Gratiola aspera Roth (1817)
Gratiola lucida Willd. (1797)
Hornemannia ovata Link & Otto (1820)
Linaria hexandra F.Dietr. (1818)
Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell. (1882)
Lindernia crustacea var. clarkei G.S.Giri & Majumdar (1982)
Lindernia crustacea var. smithii O.Deg., I.Deg. & G.C. Ruhle (1958)
Lindernia crustacea var. verticillata (Haines) K.K.Khanna (2001)
Lindernia gracilis (Bonati) Bonati (1927)
Lindernia minuta (Blume) Koord. (1912)
Lindernia obtusa (Blume) Koord. (1912)
Lindernia racemosa Bonati (1927)
Mimulus javanicus Blume (1823)
Morgania aspera Spreng. (1825)
Morgania lucida Spreng. (1825)
Pentsteira paniculata Griff. (1854)
Pyxidaria crustacea (L.) Kuntze (1891)
Pyxidaria minuta (Blume) Kuntze (1891)
Pyxidaria obtusa (Blume) Kuntze (1891)
Tittmannia ovata Rchb. (1824)
Tittmannia scabra Spreng. (1825)
Torenia flaccida R.Br. (1810)
Torenia hexandra R.Br. (1810)
Torenia lucida Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. (1831)
Torenia minuta Blume (1826)
Torenia obtusa Blume (1826)
Torenia ovata Sweet (1826)
Torenia rubella Buch.-Ham. (1831)
Torenia scabra R.Br. (1810)
Torenia varians Roxb. (1832)
Ucnopsolen cordatum Raf. (1840)
Vandellia alba Benth. (1835)
Vandellia bodinieri H.Lév. (1904)
Vandellia brownii Benth. (1846)
Vandellia crustacea (L.) Benth. (1835)
Vandellia crustacea var. verticillata Haines (1922)
Vandellia gracilis Bonati (1908)
Vandellia minuta (Blume) Miq. (1857)
Vandellia obtusa (Blume) Miq. (1857)
Vandellia racemosa Spreng. (1820)
Vandellia varians G.Don (1838)

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
Maui Potentially Naturalizing
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Specimens

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Bibliography

Name Published In: Linnaea 2: 570 (1827)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1242 (O, H [as Lindernia crustacea]); Oppenheimer 2003:25 (WM); Fischer et al. 2013:231 (Syn. L. crustacea)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. kilauea caldera floor near halemaumau parking area PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fosberg, f.r. collector number: 46054 Lehua US 3/20/1965
2 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Hawaii PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kami, R. H17 Hawaii BISH 6/8/1965
3 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Kilauea Caldera floor near Halemaumau Parking Area PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F. R. 46054 Hawaii US 3/20/1965
4 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Kilauea Volcano, caldera floor near Halemaumau Common on warm ground in fumarole field. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F.R. 47734 Hawaii BISH 9/20/1965
5 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. puna district, land of olaa, along north kulani road about 12 mile from mountain view. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & s. ishikawa 5594 Hawaii US 12/16/1975
6 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. hilo, hawaii Growing in the wet lawn of Joan Yoshioka residence, cinder soil. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN imada, c.t. collector number: 2005-232 Hawaii BISH 11/13/2005
7 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. W Maui, Lahaina District, Alaeloa, N side of Kaopala Gulch Volunteers in nursery pots. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H80044 Maui BISH 8/25/2000
8 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. UH-Hilo Edges of lawn. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. 010801-11 Hawaii BISH 8/1/2001
9 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Keaau macadamia orchards PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oaka, H. s.n. Hawaii BISH 6/25/1973
10 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Hilo, Hawaii Growing in the wet lawn of Joan Yoshioka residence, cinder soil. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. 2005-232 Hawaii BISH 11/13/2005
11 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. w maui, lahaina district, alaeloa, n side of kaopala gulch Volunteers in nursery pots. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h80044 Maui BISH 8/25/2000
12 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. puna distr., along hwy 13 s of puna Along roadsides. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN nagata, k.m. collector number: 2073 Hawaii BISH 7/23/1980
13 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. uh-hilo Edges of lawn. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN starr, f. martz, k. collector number: 010801-11 Hawaii BISH 8/1/2001
14 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Kilauea Caldera floor near Halemaumau parking area Abundant in fumarole area, even where exposed to very warm steam. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F.R. 46054 Hawaii BISH 3/20/1965
15 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Hilo, Hawaii Growing in the wet lawn of Joan Yoshioka residence, cinder soil. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. Collector Number: 2005-232 Hawaii BISH 11/13/2005
16 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. East Maui, Hana District, Waiohue, Pu'u Ka'a. Park Weed in asphalt cracks and areas adjacent to restrooms along Hana Hwy. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H11102 Maui BISH 11/9/2011
17 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. UH-Hilo Edges of lawn. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. Martz, K. Collector Number: 010801-11 Hawaii BISH 8/1/2001
18 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Kaumana Substation Disturbed vegetation on 1881 lava flow, vegetation open Metrosideros with understory of introduced shrubs and Dicranopteris. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 4637 Hawaii BISH 11/16/1982
19 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Puna Distr., along Hwy 13 S of Puna Along roadsides. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K.M. 2073 Hawaii BISH 7/23/1980
20 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. South Kona Distr., just north (ca. 0.5 mi.) of Hookena Elementary School Roadside. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 5934 Hawaii BISH 3/10/1988
21 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. crater rim drive, steam vent PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. mill, s.w.; peterson, b.; peterson, g.; mayer, s. collector number: 5225 Hawaii BISH 1/16/1984
22 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Puna Distr., land of Olaa, along North Kulani Road ca. 0.5 mi from Mountain View PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5594 Hawaii BISH 12/16/1975
23 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. keaau macadamia orchards PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oaka, h. collector number: s.n. Hawaii BISH 6/25/1973
24 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. puna distr., land of olaa, along north kulani road ca. 0.5 mi. from mountain view PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5594 Hawaii BISH 12/16/1975
25 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. W Maui, Lahaina District, Alaeloa, N side of Kaopala Gulch Volunteers in nursery pots. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Collector Number: H80044 Maui BISH 8/25/2000
26 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. kaumana substation Disturbed vegetation on 1881 lava flow, vegetation open Metrosideros with understory of introduced shrubs and Dicranopteris. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. stemmermann, r.l. collector number: 4637 Hawaii BISH 11/16/1982
27 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. south kona distr., just north (ca. 0.5 mi.) of hookena elementary school Roadside. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. imada, c.; takeuchi, w. collector number: 5934 Hawaii BISH 3/10/1988
28 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. leilani estated, malama rd PRESERVED_SPECIMEN anderson, s.j. collector number: 413 Hawaii BISH 1/22/1981
29 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Crater Rim Drive, Steam Vent PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 5225 Hawaii BISH 1/16/1984
30 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. between kilauea and keanapapoi craters. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. 23757 NSW 11/12/1954
31 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Leilani estated, Malama Rd PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Anderson, S.J. 413 Hawaii BISH 1/22/1981
32 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. kilauea volcano, caldera floor near halemaumau Metrosideros-Dicranopteris lowland wet shrubland with small pockets of mixed wet forest below ridgeline with Broussaisa arguta, Melicope feddei, Psychotria mariniana & P. wawrae, Kadua affinis, Antidesma platyphylla, Alyxia stellata, Syzygium sandwicensis, Dubautia laxa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fosberg, f.r. collector number: 47734 Kauai BISH 9/20/1965
33 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Leilani estated, Malama Rd PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Anderson, S.J. Collector Number: 413 Hawaii BISH 1/22/1981
34 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. hawaii PRESERVED_SPECIMEN kami, r. collector number: h17 Hawaii BISH 6/8/1965
35 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. between kilauea and keanakakoi craters. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 23757 NY 11/12/1954
36 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. between kilauea & keanakakoi craters, hawaii PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.; et al. 23757 NY 11/12/1954
37 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Between Kilauea and Keanakakoi Craters PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Degener, I.; Ruhle, G. C. 23757 Hawaii US 11/12/1954
38 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. between kilauea and keanakakoi craters PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener, i. degener & g. ruhle 23757 Hawaii US 11/12/1954
39 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. UH-Hilo. Edges of lawn. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forest Starr Starr-010801-11 Hawaii PTBG 8/1/2001
40 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Vicinity Waioni Gulch, naturalized on grassy road shoulder along Hana Hwy. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H60206 Maui PTBG 6/22/2002
41 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. trail to maunaiki. 1.4 miles east of highway 11. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN thorne, k. 7165 SJNM
42 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. hawaii volcanoes national park, kilauea caldera floor near halemaumau parking area PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. r. fosberg 46054 Hawaii US 3/20/1965
43 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. just north of ho`okena elementary school PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kauai US
44 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. hawaii volcanoes national park, kilauea volcano, caldera floor near halemaumau PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. r. fosberg 47734 Hawaii US 9/20/1965
45 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Puna District, Land of Olaa, along North Kulani Road about 12 mile from Mountain View. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Ishikawa, S. 5594 Hawaii US 12/16/1975
46 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Kilauea Volcano, caldera floor near Halemaumau PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F. R. 47734 Hawaii US 9/20/1965
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